由豐田颳起的日本車回收風暴被外國媒體形容為發「車瘟」。涉及腳墊和油門踏板兩個質量問題的豐田汽車據說約有超過二百萬輛。眾所周知的豐田生產方式（Toyota Production System）似乎也有嚴重失效的一天。
在上世紀七十年代中期成熟的豐田生產方式是一個融合管理理念與實踐的群策技術系統(Socio-technical System)。在生產計劃及物流組織之中包括了與供應商和客戶之間的互動，每當有任何異常的生產情況發生時，所有生產線上的工作人員會馬上停止運作，避免製造出更多不良品，尋找問題所在，然後向他們的上司建議改善或解決異常情況的方案。該系統的初期名稱為“精益生產”(Just in Time Production) ，為豐田汽車的創始人豐田喜一郎 (Sakichi Toyoda) 及他的兒子豐田佐吉(Kiichiro Toyoda)，和工程師大野耐一(Taiichi Ohno) 所建立。在二次大戰後，這種“精益生產”方式曾一度成為了日本的精益革命(Kaizen)基礎。
日本豐田汽車公司在日前發表︰「公司正面臨美國檢方的刑事調查和美國證券交易委員會的調查。」
圖：《behind bars》
Monday, March 1, 2010
Just in Time
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3 comments:
Benick
Kindly advise if you always crop the photos before you post them in your Blog?
Can you please teach us some general guidelines about cropping a picture.
Thanking you in advance.
Blog follower from Canada
Dear Friend,
Often people refers “cropping” as trimming of photos during enlarging (for film) or during editing (for digital). I refer “cropping” as the necessary step during shooting, enlarging or editing. I would even prefer cropping to be done before shooting. I call it “pre-cropping”, as inspired by Ansel Adams’ “pre-visualization” concept. Pre-visualization refers to tonal placement prior to shooting; whereas pre-cropping can be understood as composition prior to shooting.
The following points may help.
1) Never confine your creativity within the standard print sizes or image formats (E.g.8R, 16:9). They are made for commercial reasons and not mean for creative imaging. In other words, you may have your own format as long as it enhances your creative image.
2) Square format offers modern appearance, it also suggests static or claim feeling; panorama format yield grand view; vertical panorama format carries oriental favor.
3) If you draw a picture, you will not include anything that is not necessary or important to your composition. This is called the “additive” process. In the case of photography, it is the “subtractive” process that matters. In other words, you will need to remove unwanted objects from your screen or photo. Unwanted objects would weaken the message that you want to put forward with your photo. You can do it by either pre-cropping or cropping.
4) Consider using the “Golden Ratio” (1.618) as guideline for cropping. For example, if there are a dark area and a white area in the scene. You may crop your view (or photo) so that the dark area to the white area by ratio is 0.382/0.618.
5) Develop your aesthetic intuition through appreciation of artworks (photos, painting, drawing, etc.) of established artists.
After all, there is no fixed formula for cropping.
Enjoy your cropping!
Dear Bendick
Sincere thanks for this valuable lesson that would be difficult and expansive to find in books.
God Bless
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